TOKENS
Tokens are the basic buildings blocks in language which are constructed together to write a program.Tokens is each and every smallest individual units in a program are known as tokens.
C++ tokens are six type .
- Keywords : struct ,break , else long , switch , case ,enum , register , typedef.
- Identifiers :main, total.
- Constants : 3.14 .
- Strings : "hello", "string".
- Operators : +, - ,/ ,*.
- Special symbols : (),{}.
Example
#include<iostream.h>
#include<Conio.h>
int main()
{
int a, b, total;
a = 10, b = 20;
total = a + b;
cout<<“Total = ”<< total<<endl;
}
Explanation
- main – identifier .
- {,}, (,) – delimiter .
- int – keyword .
- + , = , << - operators.
- a, b, total – identifier .
- main, {, }, (, ), int, a, b, total,+, =,<< – tokens .
IDENTIFIERS
- Each program elements in a program are given a name called identifiers.
- Names given to identify Variables, functions and arrays are examples for identifiers. eg. int a;
- a is a name given to integer variable
Constants
Constants refers to the data items that do not change their value during the program execution. Several types of C constants that are allowed in C ++ :
1. Integer Constants
Integer constants are whole numbers without any fractional part. It must have at least one digit and may contain either + or – sign. A number with no sign is assumed to be positive. There are three types of integer constants:
- Decimal Integer Constants :Integer constants consisting of a set of digits, 0 through 9, preceded by an optional – or + sign. Example of valid 143, -231, 0.
- Octal Integer constants :Integer constants consisting of sequence of digits from the set 0 through 7 starting with 0 is said to be octal integer constants. Example of valid octal Hexadecimal we Integer Constants integer constants
- Hexadecimal integer constants : are integer constants having sequence of digits preceded by 0x or 0X. They may also include alphabets from A to F representing numbers 10 to 15. Example of valid 0xD, 0X8d, 0X, 0xbD.
- Real Constants The numbers having fractional parts are called real or floating point constants. These may be represented in one of the two forms called fractional form or the exponent form and may also have either + or – sign preceding it. Example of valid real constants in fractional form or decimal notation 0.05, -0.905, 562.05, 0.015 , 252E85, 0.15E-10, -3e+8 .
- Character Constants
A character constant contains one single character enclosed within single quotes. Examples of valid character constants ‘a’ , ‘Z’, ‘5’ It should be noted that character constants have numerical values known as ASCII values, for example, the value of ‘A’ is 65 which is its ASCII value.
String Literals
String literals or constants are enclosed in double quotes "". Here are some examples of string literals. All the three forms are identical strings. eg. "Hello".
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